Four Factors of an Aircraft in Flight - 655 Words

â€Å"The human being is set apart from all other animals by an intelligent, reasoning mind. Another quality that humans seem to possess is an inherent drive to utilize that mind to achieve to recognize challenges and to attempt conquer them† (Smith, 1992, p. 1). One of my favorite person that I used to read about in high school was Benjamin Franklin; one of the founding Father of the United States of America and the master mind behind the invention of electricity. As stated in the words of Smith, the curiosity of Franklin lead him to discover how electricity works. This same driven factor of human mind was what led the Wrights Brother to invent and fly the first power aircraft. The four forces that are acting on an aircraft in flight are: Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag. â€Å"The airplane stays up because it doesn’t have the time to fall† (Wrights Brothers). One of the unique quality/ characteristic that differentiate aircraft from all other vehicles is its abili ty to get up in the air and stay for a long period of time. The force that raises an object into the air is called lift. The force that acts against this lift force is called weight. The left principle states that in order for an object to be lifted off the ground, the weight of that object should be less than the air surrounding it. Now you might be asking, why is it that aircraft which is heavier than car fly but car don’t? The answer to this question lies within the engineering of an aircraft. An aircraft has somethingShow MoreRelatedAre You Safer Without A Pilot?1590 Words   |  7 PagesUnmanned Flight According to James Albaugh, president and CEO of Boeing Commercial Airlines, â€Å"A pilotless airliner is going to come; it’s just a question of when. You’ll see it in freighters first, over water probably, landing very close to the shore.† (Ross, 2011, p. 38) The trend toward aircraft without pilots is not new. As technology has improved the number of crew members and their responsibilities have steadily decreased. The Boeing B-29, the most technologically advanced aircraft of the dayRead MoreA Brief Note On American Airlines Flight 14201130 Words   |  5 Pages American Airlines Flight 1420 By Christian, Gonzalez SFTY 330- Aircraft Accident Investigation Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University April 20, 2015 Abstract Flight 1420 of American Airlines claimed the lives of 11 passengers on June 1, 1999. From the NTSB report one can conclude that there were several human factors that contributed to the accident of American Airlines flight 1420. Examples include unsafe acts by the pilots, violations that represent a willful disregard for the rulesRead MoreA Report On The Crash1542 Words   |  7 Pagesin the building were injured. Post-crash, the aircraft was destroyed from the impact and fire that resulted from crash (NTSB, 2006). The flight was scheduled to be an on-demand passenger charter flight from Teterboro, NJ to Chicago, IL and was operated under Part 135 by Platinum Jet Management, LLC out of Fort Lauderdale, FL under the auspices of a charter management agreement with Darby Aviation. Platinum Jet Management was hired for this flight by the brokerage company for a charter customerRead MoreA Report On The Crash1543 Words   |  7 Pagesin the building were injured. Post-crash, the aircraft was destroyed from the impact and fire that resulted from crash (NTSB, 2006). The flight was scheduled to be an on-demand passenger charter flight from Teterboro, NJ to Chicago, IL and was operated under Part 135 by Platinum Jet Management, LLC out of Fort Lauderdale, FL under the auspices of a charter management agreement with Darby Aviation. Platinum Jet Management was hired for this flight by the brokerage company for a charter customerRead More GPS Safety Bubble Technology Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagessome of the most significant advancements have taken place within the last five years. In recent months, studies have been conducted by NASA and other institutions concerning the use of advanced GPS technology in both computer controlled flight of commercial aircraft and the establishment of â€Å"no-fly safety bubbles† around designated areas and buildings. In essence an aircraft’s computer system would override a manual command and not allow the craft to enter these designated areas. There are many possibleRead MoreAn Approach Into Los Angeles International Airport1630 Words   |  7 PagesOn February 1st, 1991 USAir Flight 1493 (USA 1493), a Boeing 737-300 (B-737), was on an approach into Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), as part of a scheduled stop prior to completing its journey to San Francisco. USA 1493 was piloted by Captain Colin Shaw who had over 16,000 flight hours and First Officer David Kelly with over 4,000 total flight hours. Meanwhile on the ground at LAX, SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569 (Skywest 5569), a Fairchild Metroliner, had just executed its clearance toRead MoreComputer Engineering, Engineering And Astronautical Engineering1524 Words   |  7 Pageserospace engineering pertains to aircrafts and spacecraft, it involves researching, developing, constructing. It can be split into two major fields; aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. Aeronautics is concerned with aircraft that fly within Earth’s atmosphere whereas astronautics is concerned with spacecrafts. The focus of this Aerospace Engineering (Aeronautics) project and production was to build an aircraft. It was to increase maneuverability while keeping control and stabilityRead MoreThe Air Methods Corporation ( Airm )1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthat occurred on August 26, 2011 which involved a Eurocopter AS350 B2 helicopter owned by the Air Methods Corporation. The accident in question happened in Mosby, Missouri and resulted in four fatalities. This paper will provide a brief history on the company, aircraft and how it was equipped and human factors that contributed to the accident and a final conclusion of what could have been done to prevent the accident. Company Information The Air Methods Corporation (AIRM) is an American publicRead MoreA Short Note On Engine Power And Its Impact On The World War II1110 Words   |  5 PagesI. Summary After World War II, aircraft structures had to be redesigned to enable the use of turbojet power instead of piston engine power. After its first flight on February 15th, 1946, the DC-6 piston powered aircraft quickly became the workhorse for passenger aircraft. With a wingspan of one-hundred and seventeen feet, six inches, and a total length of one-hundred feet, seven inches, this airframe was able to hold roughly one-hundred and five individuals. For nearly ten years, the DC-6 was incomparableRead MoreImpact Of The Aviation Industry On Unplanned Events That Have Occurred1099 Words   |  5 Pages2.0. introduction: The purpose of this report is to outline 3 significant changes made to the aviation industry due to unplanned events that have occurred in the last 20 years. 3 factors/events that have influenced changes in the commercial aviation industry will be thoroughly investigated. 3.0. The events: 1. |UAV incident A drone used to film the grand final between Australia and New Zealand crashed just south of an arena in Melbourne. The ATSB found that radio frequency interference

The case for walmart - 989 Words

The Case for Wal-Mart Is Wal-mart the ideal store to shop it? Austrian economic and business professional Karen De Coster and banker Brad Edmonds believe that Wal-mart improves the lives of people in rural areas because it gives them access to a lifestyle that they would not have if Wal-mart did not exist. Karen De Coster is a freelance writer she is a graduate student in Austrian economics, and is also a business professional from Michigan. Although she has not finished her first book , she has written many other articles on many other things for example in August of 2009 she wrote â€Å"I’m the Government and I’m Here To Lie To You† . Brad Edmonds is a banker in Alabama. These authors are making an effort to inform people†¦show more content†¦They are able to take out valuable facts and information from their own knowledge and from research they were able to accumulate. â€Å"families who shop carefully at Wal-mart can actually budget more for inve sting on children funds or entertainment. And unlike other giant corporations , Wal-mart stores around the country make an attempt to provide a friendly atmosphere by spending money to hire greeters, who are often people who would have difficulty finding any other job.This is a partial solution to shoplifting problems; the solution Kmart applied (â€Å"Hey, whats in the bag?†) didnt work as well†(Brad Edmonds and Karen de Coster) This displays logos by staggering us with a factual paragraph stating that if someone really wanted to save money by shopping at Wal-mart they would have to do it carefully and then they would be able to invest on a childs fund for college or be able to save that money by investing it on something else. And Unlike other mom and pop shops Wal-Mart draws you back each time because they hire people that have a more difficult to time finding an ordinary job either because of their criminal records or because of a disability, unlike other store s they have greeters that make Walmart a more hostile environment to shop at. This strengthens her claim because it shows fact about how Wal-mart has a plan to be outgoing and be able to make it. Although they use appeals toShow MoreRelatedWalmart case902 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Summary Walmart is the world’s largest retailer with more than 8,400 stores globally and is now considering going green. Walmart moves massive amounts of products and uses a lot of other resources to operate its business and now they are trying to transform itself into a company that is seen as environmental friendly. The first step of Walmarts three-phase plan was receiving information from its 100,000 suppliers about their greenhouse gas emissions, water waste reduction efforts and otherRead MoreWalmart Case Analysis : Walmart922 Words   |  4 Pages WALMART CASE STUDY Walmart revolutionised the department store structure by drawing consumers away from the classical approach into an urban utopia. Walmart has a high distribution footprint, on average, since 1962 Walmart has acquired 125 stores each year, making them a monumental player in the department store industry. Walmart started as a monopoly occupying the entire market as the original mass commercial outlet. 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After eight years of attempting to dominate and control the retail market much like it has accomplished in the United States, WalMart pulled the plug on its German operations and left that market with its business tail stuck between its legs. Headlined in the Times was the fact that WalMart, the worldsRead MoreWalmart Case Study1410 Words   |  6 PagesRagan Fretwell - Case 23: Walmart: But We Do Give Them a 10% Employee Discount Summary/Facts Walmart, one of the largest retailers in the world, was founded by Sam Walton in 1962. The first Walmart opened in Rogers, AR. It has since grown to over 10,300 stores all over the world. Employing over 2 million, it is hard to imagine the largest private employer in the world would ever be accused of being an unfair employee practices. Walmart has seen its share of litigation over the years. LitigationRead MoreWalmart Negotiation Case977 Words   |  4 PagesWALMART NEGOTIATION CASE: Walmart the worlds largest retailer, sold $315 billion worth of goods in 2006. With its single-minded focus on EDLP (everyday low prices) and the power to make or break suppliers, a partnership with Wal-Mart is either the Holy Grail or the kiss of death, depending on ones perspective. There are numerous media accounts of the corporate monolith riding its suppliers into the ground. But what about those who manage to survive, and thrive, while dealing with the classicRead MoreWalmart Case Essay722 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Introduction to International Business: Case 4.2 Wal-Mart’s retreat from Germany: How distance made the replication of a domestically successful model impossible October 8th, 2013 1. What are some of Wal-Mart’s FSAs? To what extent are these FSAs location-bound or internationally transferable? Some FSA’s of Wal-Mart are EDLP (it’s ‘every day low price’ philosophy) and it so-called ‘exceptional service’ (it customer-service)1. EDLP is in general internationally transferableRead MoreWalmart Case Study2798 Words   |  12 PagesWALMART Andrew Louis Webster University MNGT 5650 Kenneth Chapman Wal-Mart study Case#1 1. What threats and challenges is Wal-Mart currently facing? From the beginning, Walmart did not have many threats. However, not only the competition is different, several global retailers such as Target, Carrefour, Costco, and Amazon, are working hard to keep efficiency. They are trying to work together to shrink the prices difference between them. Walmart has facing difficulties from everyRead MoreWalmart Case Analysis1680 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Ryan McLaws Southern New Hampshire University ABSTRACT I will be examining 3 key issues in relation to the Walmart Corp. and how they have improves and areas that need improvement. These areas are as follows: †¢ Personnel †¢ Environmental †¢ Sound Business Practices In addition I will offer recommendations for improvement in these areas. Analysis of the issues: Personnel In orderRead MoreWalmart Case Study950 Words   |  4 PagesWalmart Case Study Case study Questions and Answers: 1- Examine the development of Wal-Mart over its 40 year history. It is now nearly half a century since Walmart exists. From humble beginnings in the 1960s in Arkansas to the world’s leading retailer, Walmart has come a long way to its success. Starting domestically in Arkansas, it was dedicated to its principals; genuine customer courtesy, a culture of respect for the individual and everyday low prices. In the 1960s, Sam Walton, the founder

Starbucks Solvency Case Free Essays

STARBUCK’S ASSIGNMENT Question 2 Short-term liquidity: Starbuck’s current ratio has increased from 1. 29 to 1. 83 between 2009 and 2011. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Solvency Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the same time its quick ratio has also increased to a healthy 1. 36 percent in 2011. It is clear that current liabilities are decreasing at a faster rate than current assets. Thus the company’s ability to meet its obligations in the short-term should not be a problem. Starbucks’ liquidity looks healthy going forward as it has a healthy receivables turnover at 33. 95 in 2011, whilst the average collection period is at 10. 75. Long-term Solvency: The debt to equity ratio dropped from 2010 levels where it was at 0. 74 to 0. 68 in 2011 which means that there has been a reduction in financial risk and an improvement in solvency. This may largely be explained by the increase in retained earnings. The interest coverage is between 4 and 5 times meaning that Starbucks is not at any high risk of default on its debt obligations. Thus the risk of insolvency is highly mitigated. Profitability: The return on equity (ROE) for Starbuck’s has improved greatly from 14. 12% in 2009 to 30. 91% in 2011. The return on assets (ROA) has followed a similar trend growing from 9. 99% in 2009 to 25. 15% in 2011. This suggests that for any potential investors Starbuck’s is a lucrative proposition at least to the extent that past performance is a reliable predictor of future performance. P-E Ratios: Given its size Starbuck’s is not likely to see any extraordinary growth and as such a P-E ratio of 23. 65 in 2011 is reasonable even though it shows a drop from 2009 levels. Of an interest is the fact that over the same period Starbucks EPS have actually grown by up to 200% from 0. 53 to 1. 66. It is clear that investors do not expect any rapid growth in the company’s net income but rather more stable growth. Question 3 With regard to short-term liquidity it is clear that Starbuck’s is doing better than the industry where the current ratio averages out at about 0. 7 and the quick ratio at about 0. 3. Insofar as solvency is concerned Starbuck’s also does better than the industry where debt-equity ratios have reached peaks of 128. 075, whilst industry interest coverage averages out at about 1 or 2 times. Thus Starbuck’s is more solvent than a lot of its peers in the industry. Starbuck’s is also more profitable than the industry where both ROE and ROA average below 20%. Starbucks’ P-E ratio of 23. 65 in 2011 shows that the market expects Starbucks to grow its net income faster than the industry average growth rate which is given by an industry P-E ratio that averages out at about 16. Question 4 Up until 2008 Starbucks registered stable growth, growing its ROE from 14. 10% in 2003 to 29. 81% in 2007. During this same period the return on sales number remained steady around 7%. However it’s ROE plummeted in 2008 to 13. 21%, only recovering in 2010 and peaking at 30. 1% in 2011. At the same time its return on sales dropped to a record 3% in 2008. The drop in 2008-2009 is partly explained by the economic downturn of 2008. Starbucks situation was certainly not helped by the fact that it had a liquidity problem that had persisted since 2005 with quick and current ratios below 1. 0. Starbucks has since seen its short-term liquidity improve wi th its quick and current ratios recovering in 2010 and 2011 to levels above 1. 0. Improved liquidity has also come with improved profitability with the return on sales number peaking at 10. 65% in 2011. How to cite Starbucks Solvency Case, Essay examples

New Technologies Have Introduced In IT Sector - Free Samples

Question: How To The New Technologies Have Introduced In IT Sector? Answer: Introduction Nowadays, various new technologies have introduced in IT sector that are useful to perform different activities that are related to both business purpose and for personal usage. These terminologies have enhanced the proficiency of work and people are getting better business results. The purpose of making this report is to emphasize on some essential terminologies that have become so popular worldwide such as Just-In-Time, E-Commerce, SaaS, Strategic Planning, Extranet etc. Discussion To use IT terminologies in an effective manner, their fundamental knowledge is required. I will discuss basics about these IT terms in upcoming paragraphs. Just-In-Time Delivery This terminology is commonly known as JIT. It is highly recommended to manage stock related activities. All those companies that perform manufacturing tasks repetitively, they prefer to use JIT terminology. Moreover, it is useful for decreasing holistic cost of inventory (Investinganswers.com, 2017). E-Commerce It is the most effective and highly used terminology among people worldwide. It is used by majority of people for online shopping and as well as business enterprises are also moving towards electronic commerce for attracting most of customers (The Balance, 2017). SaaS SaaS is a cloud computing model that provides efficient cloud services to its users. It works as a third party agent in case of host applications and make them available online to different users. SaaS model of cloud platform is easier to understand and maintenance of this model is flexible as compare to other cloud models (SearchCloudComputing, 2017). Strategic Planning In every business enterprise strategic planning is considered to be important for implementing various business activities effectively. This whole process of strategic planning consists of direction, strategy and effective decision making for allocation of different resources. Supply Chain Systems This system relates to transfer of a product and service from suppliers side to customers side. Besides this, it is hardwork of supplier to develop a feasible and appropriate supply chain. Decision Support System is an effective decision making system which is helpful for business enterprises to make critical decisions without any delay (Aliev, 2017). Cloud Infrastructure Cloud based infrastructure is effective and secured enough to manage cloud related services. This infrastructure consists of some important components such as servers, storage and network software and with the help of these components requirements of cloud computing model can be achieved. Web 2.0 is the recent stage of online technology. Due to its more features, it is considered to be better than previous versions of web technologies. The new extensive features of Web 2.0 are availability of smooth and clear communication modes and connectivity of strong and reliable network solutions (WhatIs.com, 2017). This private network is used for sharing important business information or operations with customers and suppliers in a secured way. Now, organizations can send their data online without any worry about privacy and security of their information (SearchEnterpriseWAN, 2017). To evaluate large data sets that are commonly known as big data, this evaluation process is implemented. Under this process, hidden patterns, market trends and unfamiliar correlations are revealed. The management of Big Data is considered complex for some enterprises, so with proper analysis solution can be found. Essential Elements of Data Mining After analysis we got to know about essential elements of data mining that are useful for statistical analysis. The most common elements of data mining are an appropriate question, background, computers, data records and domain knowledge. Each elements has its own importance in whole process of data mining. Here question is related to need of customer, background is past facts about data mining and this process can be used for future predictions. Furthermore, computers can be used to find best forecasters with proper combinations. On other side, data records are maintained in a flat file that are used in future for decision making and to perform different operations. To provide a better guidance for modelling a process, algorithms of data mining work as a knowledge domain (Ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk, 2017). Critical Understanding of Reserve Stock Level in ERP This function of ERP is related to supply of inputs that are kept reserve in some cases to manage the situations in future when demand and supply fluctuates. Reserve Stock Level works as a buffer where large amount of inventory is stored to manage uncertain future. The critical factor about this function of ERP that makes it difficult to understand are its complexity, difficult maintenance and dynamic effects on operations (MBA Skool-Study, 2017). Business risk faced by Liberty Wines In case study of Business Continuity, the main risk factor for Liberty Wines Company was enlargement in overall size of company. Besides this, to provide IT related facilities more data is required and gradually slow performance of IT systems that requires quick maintenance. This risk factor is affecting productivity of employees and delay is found in their work due to lack of efficiency in IT systems. Furthermore, inventory management functions and order processing are also influenced by due to IT risk factors (Enisa.europa.eu, 2017). Influence of IT infrastructure on Competitive Advantage If I talk about impact of IT on competitive advantage of Liberty Wines Company then there is no doubt to say that it puts positive influence. With usage of IT infrastructure, the cost has reduced in case of power consumption, hardware replacements and improvement is also found in flexibility and sustainability of backup system. New mobile apps have also contributed to increased overall speed of business processes. Moreover, with the help of all these facilities of IT infrastructure, the customer relationships of company has very much improved (Ecommerce, 2017). Profits of Server Virtualization for Liberty Wines Company and its Environment By using server virtualization into company, the number of servers has decreased. This results in 60% less consumption of power and air conditioning. The stock management and customer relationships have also improved in company with the proper usage of server virtualization. Problems of Data and IT that limit ability of FinCENs The main data problem that is found in FinCENs Company is unpredictable quality and standardization of data. Moreover, validation regarding deficiency of data is also found. In case of IT, the crucial problem is regarding usage offline systems to report data. This leads to lack of quick detection of emerging threats in IT field (I, Eisenhauer, 2017). Capabilities and Upgrades of IT required by FinCEN The IT upgrades and capabilities are beneficial for FinCENs Company for appropriate collection and analysis of data from variety of important resources. This data is further used by law enforcement, federal states and regulatory authorities and it is delivered to them by company itself. With the help of upgrading of IT, it has become easier for FinCEN to receive, process and retrieve data in digital form. These all new modifications in IT has enhanced the customers convenience. Main Factor of Dependency of Financial Intelligence The key factor of dependency of financial intelligence is appropriate form of data analytics to evaluate different types of relationships and patterns. With the help of these patterns, potential illegal activities can be revealed (Prezi.com, 2017). Importance of Patterns and Relationships to National Security The assessment of patterns and relationships that are related to national security is necessary because it increases the ability, pace of identification of money launderers and financers of terrorist activities. Besides this, all causes of criminal activities are also found with the help of national security patterns and relationships. Latest Identified Financial Crimes of FinCEN According to business case study Financial Intelligence Fights Frauds it is found that recent recognized financial crimes of FinCEN are concerned with money laundering. This problem was also faced by another company Liberty Reserve and it was detected by FinCEN Company. Conclusion In conclusion, I would recommend business enterprises to deal with IT terminologies effectively because they can get better results. In this report, basic knowledge about latest terms have mentioned which is required to start work with these terms. In modern era, it has become essential for business enterprises to sustain itself in competitive market but it will be difficult to perform unless they do not adapt emerging technologies. FinCEN and Liberty Wines companies are examples that shows positive influence of IT technologies. References SearchCloudComputing. (2017). What is Software as a Service (SaaS)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Software-as-a-Service Investinganswers.com. (2017). Just in Time (JIT) Definition Example | Investing Answers. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/businesses-corporations/just-time-jit-89 SearchEnterpriseWAN. (2017). What is extranet? - Definition from WhatIs.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/extranet WhatIs.com. (2017). What is Web 2.0 ? - Definition from WhatIs.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Web-20-or-Web-2 Aliev, R. (2017). Hybris WMS/ERP Integration: Stock Levels and Reserves. hybrismart | SAP hybris under the hood. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://hybrismart.com/2016/10/02/2339/ MBA Skool-Study. (2017). Buffer Stock Definition | Operations Supply Chain Dictionary | MBA Skool-Study.Learn.Share. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/operations-logistics-supply-chain-terms/7353-buffer-stock.html Prezi.com. (2017). Financial Intelligence Fights Fraud. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://prezi.com/mwkngk-jnqvo/financial-intelligence-fights-fraud/ Enisa.europa.eu.(2017). Security certification practice in the EU - Information Security Management Systems - A case study ENISA. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/security-certification-practice-in-the-eu-information-security-management-systems-a-case-study I, Eisenhauer, T. (2017). Intranets VS Extranets - What's the difference?. Axero Solutions. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://axerosolutions.com/blogs/timeisenhauer/pulse/165/intranets-vs-extranets-what-s-the-difference The Balance. (2017). What Is Ecommerce? Are You Sure You Know? Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/let-s-ask-the-basic-question-what-is-ecommerce-1141599 Ecommerce. (2017). Entrepreneur. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.entrepreneur.com/topic/ecommerce Ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk.(2017). JIT Just-in-Time manufacturing. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/jit-just-in-time-manufacturing/

Nazi Research Experiments Essays - Medical Ethics, Research Ethics

Nazi Research Experiments ?In the interest of...saving lives, is it acceptable to make use of data collected through mutilation, torture, and death? (Campbell, 16)? That is the question which has been rearing its head in scientific research since the end of World War II. As man has sought to quench his thirst for knowledge, lines of ethicality have been drawn to preserve the integrity of science, and provide a framework from which man can improve upon the quality of human life. In Nazi concentration and death camps, the gruesome sibling of science matured. Nazi scientists, physicians, and scholars tore down the ethical framework of science in order to eliminate the genetically inferior, and ultimately, attempt to forge a ?pure' race of ?super-humans'. Members of the Nazi scientific community were to serve as ?alert biological soldiers? (Crum, 33). These ?soldiers' conducted research on non-consenting camp inmates in order to ?demonstrate a hereditary basis for group differences in behavioral and physical char acteristics? in humans (Caplan, 286). The most well known experiments in this regard were the experiments conducted on twins at Auschwitz. The other goal of the Nazi scientists was to provide human data that could be applied to the war effort. Experimentation of this sort mainly probed the extremes, which the human body could tolerate in a hostile environment. The most famous experiment of this sort was the ?Dachau Hypothermia Study.' The rationale of the experiments was as follows: ?A consequence of air combat and air campaigns was that pilots were shot down and landed in cold water. In addition, the German Navy was losing a large number of personnel in the cold North Sea. There were no data available to document how long the downed pilots could survive in the frigid North Sea. The solution to these questions, as well as others, was considered important by certain groups of Nazi administrators and scientists. From a historical point of view, at that time, the number of papers that had been published that dealt with human response to cold water and/or air was very limited...therefore, the German scientists were seeking answers to ?legitimate scientific goals? (Caplan, 98). The last line, ?...German scientists were seeking answers to ?legitimate scientific goals'?, is the statement which is the prime concern of this paper. In order to accomplish their ?goals,' Nazi scientists conducted human experiments, virtually all of which, ended in the subjects' murder. How can answers to ?legitimate scientific goals' be found in murder? Should these experiments even be considered ?science'? Furthermore, should these experiments be allowed to provide quotable data to the modern scientific community? The debate on whether or not science should allow referencing to Nazi data rages. Objectors to using Nazi data, state that by using the data from the Nazis' human experimentation, researchers are not only endorsing, but also encouraging future unethical research. In addition, objectors maintain that the Nazi research was poorly designed and conducted so haphazardly, that it really doesn't even qualify as ?scientific'. They state, ?scientific results depended upon protocols which were soaked in iniquity. In many experiments, it was ?control subjects', denied treatment, who suffered most and died. ?Sample size' meant truck loads of Jews. ?Significance' was an indication of misery, and ?response rate' a measure of torment? (Dixon, 31). Objectors to the use of Nazi research believe that nothing good will come from this research. They believe that using research gathered through murder endorses the methods used in the experiments. If this statement were to be contested, they would argue that to cite research is to say ?I believe in this work'. To believe in research, one must be inclined to repeat the original work and further investigate the topic. Objectors claim that this condition is never satisfied. They state, ?We do not, to be specific, replicate the Nazi experiments. ?We' do not do it. The Nazis did? (Campbell, 18). Objectors believe that a scientist above all else is a human, thus, he must recognize himself as a moral being. Since humans were murdered in these experiments, the data collected should be considered ?tainted'. No moral being should associate with tainted data. Objectors also believe that the methodology of these experiments cannot be considered ?science'. In regard to the infamous hypothermia experiments at Dachau,

Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Essays

Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Essays Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Paper Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Paper Introduction3 Results4 Discussion6 Conclusion7 Experimental7 References8 Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Introduction When hydrogens are present on the ? -carbon of ketones (like the reaction used in this experiment), carbonyl compounds and aldehydes, they turn the compound slightly acidic1. These functional groups are removed by using a basic solution as shown in (i) below1. The product formed with water is stable only due to resonance, but does not form a very stable equilibrium. Enamine reactions are used to avoid many problems usually associated with alkylating or acylating carbonyl compounds when they are reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide1 as shown in reactions (ii) and (iv)1. The main problem being that the reaction results in a great number of crucial secondary side reactions, such as those in equations (iii), (iv) and (vi), and this in turn results in the main product formed in (i) being only available in small amounts because of the previously mentioned unstable equilibrium, while nucleophile OH- in equation (iii) is much higher1. When the OH- reacts with alkyl halide (iii) or acyl halide (iv), the conjugate base will tend to react with the unreacted carbonyl compound by means of an aldol condensation reaction as shown in equation (vi)1. Results Preparation of the enamine PyrrolidineCyclohexanone Molecular formula: C4H9NMolecular formula: C6H10O Volume: 4. 0 ml+. Volume: 5. 0 ml Density: 0. 87 g cm-3Density: 0. 95 g cm-3 Boiling point: 87? CBoiling point: 156? C Masses were worked out using densities: Mass cyclohexanone = 0. 947g/ml x 5ml = 4. 739g Therefore moles = mass/molar mass = 4. 739g/98. 15g mol-1 = 0. 483 moles Mass pyrrolidine = 0. 866g/mol x 4. 0 ml = 3. 464g Therefore moles = mass/molar mass = 3. 464 / 71. 11g mol-1 Addition of the acetic anhydride EnamineAcetic Anhydride Molecular formula: C10H9N Molecular formula: C4H6O3 ¬ (2) Volume: 4. 5 ml Density: 1. 08 g cm-3 (2) Molecular Weight: 102. 1 g/mol Boiling point: 139. 8? C(2) Moles : 0. 04760 moles Acetic anhydride is the limiting reagent The s toichiometric ratio of acetic anhydride to 2 acetylcyclohexanone is 1:1 Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene2-Acetylcyclohexanone Molecular Weight: 151. 25 g mol-1 Molecular Weight: 140. 18 g mol ¬-1 Mass: 0. 14g Moles: 0. 04760 moles The stoichiometric ratio of acetic anhydride to 2 acetylcyclohexanone is 1:1, therefore there is 0. 04760 moles of 2-acetylcyclohexanone. Theoretical mass of 2-acetylcyclohexanone = 0. 04760mol x 140. 18g/mol = 6. 673g Percentage yield = Actual yield/ Theoretical yield x 100 = 0. 14g/6. 673g x 100 = 2. 10% Discussion As previously mentioned, aldehydes and ketones will tend to react with primary amines in order to form an imine, as can be seen in step 2 below. Enamines are very easily alkylated due to them being very nucleophillic1. The first step entails the reaction of pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a toluene solution of the enamine as shown below. Step 1: Reaction of pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a toluene solution of the enamine The second step involves the reaction of the toluene solution of the enamine with acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene, which is the intermediate of the reaction. This intermediate is not seen as it cannot be isolated due to it being very unstable. Step 2: Reaction of the enamine with the acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidinocyclohexene (the intermediate) The third and final step is the reaction of the intermediate(1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene) with water in order to form final product 2-acetylcyclohexanone. Step 3: 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene (the intermediate) reacts with water in order to form 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The product was isolated by means of using a separator funnel. The solution was cooled till it was room temperature and transferred to a seperatory funnel. 10 ml water was also added to the funnel and the contents were mixed thoroughly by inverting the funnel several times and releasing the gas build-up pressure by releasing the valve on the stopcock. The aqueous layer was the bottom layer due to it being higher in density than the organic layer and was disposed of in a beaker. Similarly, the organic layer was rinsed with three portions of hydrochloric acid (3M) and finally rinsed again with water (10 ml). The organic layer was transferred to a clean 250 ml beaker and dried over MgSO4 – MgSO4 was added until it stopped clumping together at the bottom of the beaker in solution. The MgSO4 drying agent was then filtered off by vacuum suction. The melting point range obtained in the experiment was 110-119? C, which is not the same as the theoretical boiling point of 138? C. This could be due to impurities present in the sample, like water, which would lower the boiling point. The % yield was particularly low and could be attributed to insufficient reflux of the enamine solution that was supposed to have een refluxed for a minimum of half an hour, but due to time constraints, was only refluxed for 20 minutes. Another way to make 2-acetylcyclohexanone is by using a suspension of tellurium chloride and chloroform4 Conclusion There are three steps in the mechanism to forming 2-acetylcyclohexanone. These are reacting pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a tol uene solution of the enamine, reaction of the enamine with the acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidinocyclohexene, and reacting 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene (the intermediate) with water in order to form 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The melting point range obtained experimentally was 110-119? C and is very different from the theoretical melting point range due to errors that have occurred during the procedure of the practical and are explained in the discussion above. The particularly low % yield of 2. 10% is due to insufficient reflux time. Experimental Preparation of the toluene solution of the enamine A 100ml round bottomed flask was pre-weighed, after which cyclohexanone (5. 0ml), pyrrolidine (4. 0ml), toluene-4-sulfonic acid (0. 1g) and 40 ml toluene were added to it. boiling chips were also added to the reagent mixture so as to prevent loss of product due to splashing and boiling of the product. The Dean and Stark apparatus was set up individually by each student. The 100 ml round bottomed flask with reagent mixture was then fit to the Dean and Stark apparatus with a reflux condenser fit to the top of the apparatus. The reflux condenser was fit with a calcium chloride drying tube in order to prevent atmosp heric moisture from reacting with the contents of the round bottomed flask, and also to serve as a means to relieve pressure formed during the reaction. A heating mantle was used to heat the round bottomed flask till a vigorous reflux of the toluene, with vapour rising up the condenser was observable. It was observed that the water that formed as a result of the reaction of the toluene reflux collected in the trap portion of the Dean and Stark trap apparatus. Once the solution was boiling, reflux was continued for an hour. During this waiting period, a solution of acetic anhydride (4. 5 ml) in toluene (10 ml) was prepared. Once reflux was complete after one hour, the solution was cooled till it could be handled comfortably and the Dean and Stark apparatus was removed. While waiting for the flask to cool, the distillation setup was prepared by re-positioning the condenser with both a receiver and receiver flask. The now cooled round bottomed flask was fit with a thermometer attached by means of a still head and fit to the distillation setup. The flask was once again heating using a heating mantle to distil pyrrolidine and water that was still present. Distillation was continued until the temperature reached 108-110? C. Thereafter, the round bottomed flask was allowed to cool down to room temperature after removing it from the distillation setup and removing the still head with thermometer. Preparation of the 2-Acetylcyclohexanone The acetic anhydride solution that had been previously prepared was then added to the round bottom flask containing the enamine solution while stirring and was further stirred for 15 minutes. Water (5 ml) and 3 boiling chips was then added to the flask and fit with a reflux condenser. This new reagent mixture containing intermediate product enamine was heated under reflux for a full 30 minutes once the solution came to a boil. This was the stopping point for day 1 of the experiment. The round bottomed flask was labelled and stoppered for continuation of the experiment on the following week. On day 2 of the experiment, the content of the round bottomed flask was transferred to a separating funnel. Water (10 ml) was used to rinse the round bottomed flask and this rinsing was added to the separating funnel. The content of the funnel was mixed well and the gas was released by opening the stopcock. The aqueous layer was the lower layer and was separated from the organic layer, which remained in the funnel. Similarly, the organic layer was rinsed with three portions of hydrochloric acid (3M) and finally rinsed again with water (10 ml). The organic layer was transferred to a clean 250 ml beaker and dried over MgSO4 – MgSO4 was added until it stopped clumping together at the bottom of the beaker in solution. The MgSO4 drying agent was then filtered off by vacuum suction. The vacuum distillation setup was then prepared and the filtered solution was transferred to this setup in order to distil off the toluene at its boiling point of 110? C at 760 mmHg pressure. The remaining residue was put in a very small round bottomed flask. This flask was attached to a short path condenser with 3 anti-bumping granules added to the flask. 3 very small receiver flasks were preweighed before the product was flame distilled. Flame distillation took place under reduced pressure by means of using the bench vacuum. different fractions of product during the distillation were collected in 3 different receiver flasks. The temperature range that each of the fractions were collected at were recorded. The added masses of the product collected in all three flasks were used. References 1. courses. chem. psu. edu/chem36/Chem36H/IndivExpt1/435%20Acetylcyclohexanone. pdf – Accessed 11/08/08 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Acetic_anhydride – Accessed 11/08/08 3. P. Y Bruice, Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Inc. , 2004, USA pgs 747-753 4. freepatentsonline. com/4355097. html

Research Methods for Business Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Methods for Business - Research Proposal Example This paper is aimed at providing a proposal analysis of the importance of stress management in organisations. In the recent years organisations have provided much importance to the stress management of the employees. Efforts are taken by the employers to reduce the stress from the employees by incurring huge cost in this aspect. Almost every multinational organisation has a dedicated stress management team to provide relief to the workers (Hit, et al, 2006, p.259). The growing importance of the issue makes it an important matter to study in the present business environment. Considering the importance of the stress management, organisations are incurring huge amount of cost towards prevention of the issues. In this context it is important to investigate whether providing importance to this aspect is improving the profitability of the business. It is to be noted that the organisations also provides various financial incentives to the employees in order to improve their efficiency and to make them feel that they are not being over burdened with their work. In this context, the causes of stress developing among the employees are also an important matter of study. The consequence of stress, on the organisation also needs to be highlighted in order to carefully analyze the importance given to stress management. The programs undertaken by organisations in the stress management activities, needs to be investigated to underline the factors which finally help the employees to overcome their stress. The study of stress management will help in providing a clear analysis of the different factors which contributes towards the development of stress among different set of workers. The consequence of such stress on the workers will actually help us to determine how the organisational productivity is being hampered if a large set of workers in an organisation becomes the victim of stress. The study of the stress management