Four Factors of an Aircraft in Flight - 655 Words

â€Å"The human being is set apart from all other animals by an intelligent, reasoning mind. Another quality that humans seem to possess is an inherent drive to utilize that mind to achieve to recognize challenges and to attempt conquer them† (Smith, 1992, p. 1). One of my favorite person that I used to read about in high school was Benjamin Franklin; one of the founding Father of the United States of America and the master mind behind the invention of electricity. As stated in the words of Smith, the curiosity of Franklin lead him to discover how electricity works. This same driven factor of human mind was what led the Wrights Brother to invent and fly the first power aircraft. The four forces that are acting on an aircraft in flight are: Lift, Weight, Thrust and Drag. â€Å"The airplane stays up because it doesn’t have the time to fall† (Wrights Brothers). One of the unique quality/ characteristic that differentiate aircraft from all other vehicles is its abili ty to get up in the air and stay for a long period of time. The force that raises an object into the air is called lift. The force that acts against this lift force is called weight. The left principle states that in order for an object to be lifted off the ground, the weight of that object should be less than the air surrounding it. Now you might be asking, why is it that aircraft which is heavier than car fly but car don’t? The answer to this question lies within the engineering of an aircraft. An aircraft has somethingShow MoreRelatedAre You Safer Without A Pilot?1590 Words   |  7 PagesUnmanned Flight According to James Albaugh, president and CEO of Boeing Commercial Airlines, â€Å"A pilotless airliner is going to come; it’s just a question of when. You’ll see it in freighters first, over water probably, landing very close to the shore.† (Ross, 2011, p. 38) The trend toward aircraft without pilots is not new. As technology has improved the number of crew members and their responsibilities have steadily decreased. The Boeing B-29, the most technologically advanced aircraft of the dayRead MoreA Brief Note On American Airlines Flight 14201130 Words   |  5 Pages American Airlines Flight 1420 By Christian, Gonzalez SFTY 330- Aircraft Accident Investigation Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University April 20, 2015 Abstract Flight 1420 of American Airlines claimed the lives of 11 passengers on June 1, 1999. From the NTSB report one can conclude that there were several human factors that contributed to the accident of American Airlines flight 1420. Examples include unsafe acts by the pilots, violations that represent a willful disregard for the rulesRead MoreA Report On The Crash1542 Words   |  7 Pagesin the building were injured. Post-crash, the aircraft was destroyed from the impact and fire that resulted from crash (NTSB, 2006). The flight was scheduled to be an on-demand passenger charter flight from Teterboro, NJ to Chicago, IL and was operated under Part 135 by Platinum Jet Management, LLC out of Fort Lauderdale, FL under the auspices of a charter management agreement with Darby Aviation. Platinum Jet Management was hired for this flight by the brokerage company for a charter customerRead MoreA Report On The Crash1543 Words   |  7 Pagesin the building were injured. Post-crash, the aircraft was destroyed from the impact and fire that resulted from crash (NTSB, 2006). The flight was scheduled to be an on-demand passenger charter flight from Teterboro, NJ to Chicago, IL and was operated under Part 135 by Platinum Jet Management, LLC out of Fort Lauderdale, FL under the auspices of a charter management agreement with Darby Aviation. Platinum Jet Management was hired for this flight by the brokerage company for a charter customerRead More GPS Safety Bubble Technology Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagessome of the most significant advancements have taken place within the last five years. In recent months, studies have been conducted by NASA and other institutions concerning the use of advanced GPS technology in both computer controlled flight of commercial aircraft and the establishment of â€Å"no-fly safety bubbles† around designated areas and buildings. In essence an aircraft’s computer system would override a manual command and not allow the craft to enter these designated areas. There are many possibleRead MoreAn Approach Into Los Angeles International Airport1630 Words   |  7 PagesOn February 1st, 1991 USAir Flight 1493 (USA 1493), a Boeing 737-300 (B-737), was on an approach into Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), as part of a scheduled stop prior to completing its journey to San Francisco. USA 1493 was piloted by Captain Colin Shaw who had over 16,000 flight hours and First Officer David Kelly with over 4,000 total flight hours. Meanwhile on the ground at LAX, SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569 (Skywest 5569), a Fairchild Metroliner, had just executed its clearance toRead MoreComputer Engineering, Engineering And Astronautical Engineering1524 Words   |  7 Pageserospace engineering pertains to aircrafts and spacecraft, it involves researching, developing, constructing. It can be split into two major fields; aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering. Aeronautics is concerned with aircraft that fly within Earth’s atmosphere whereas astronautics is concerned with spacecrafts. The focus of this Aerospace Engineering (Aeronautics) project and production was to build an aircraft. It was to increase maneuverability while keeping control and stabilityRead MoreThe Air Methods Corporation ( Airm )1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthat occurred on August 26, 2011 which involved a Eurocopter AS350 B2 helicopter owned by the Air Methods Corporation. The accident in question happened in Mosby, Missouri and resulted in four fatalities. This paper will provide a brief history on the company, aircraft and how it was equipped and human factors that contributed to the accident and a final conclusion of what could have been done to prevent the accident. Company Information The Air Methods Corporation (AIRM) is an American publicRead MoreA Short Note On Engine Power And Its Impact On The World War II1110 Words   |  5 PagesI. Summary After World War II, aircraft structures had to be redesigned to enable the use of turbojet power instead of piston engine power. After its first flight on February 15th, 1946, the DC-6 piston powered aircraft quickly became the workhorse for passenger aircraft. With a wingspan of one-hundred and seventeen feet, six inches, and a total length of one-hundred feet, seven inches, this airframe was able to hold roughly one-hundred and five individuals. For nearly ten years, the DC-6 was incomparableRead MoreImpact Of The Aviation Industry On Unplanned Events That Have Occurred1099 Words   |  5 Pages2.0. introduction: The purpose of this report is to outline 3 significant changes made to the aviation industry due to unplanned events that have occurred in the last 20 years. 3 factors/events that have influenced changes in the commercial aviation industry will be thoroughly investigated. 3.0. The events: 1. |UAV incident A drone used to film the grand final between Australia and New Zealand crashed just south of an arena in Melbourne. The ATSB found that radio frequency interference

The case for walmart - 989 Words

The Case for Wal-Mart Is Wal-mart the ideal store to shop it? Austrian economic and business professional Karen De Coster and banker Brad Edmonds believe that Wal-mart improves the lives of people in rural areas because it gives them access to a lifestyle that they would not have if Wal-mart did not exist. Karen De Coster is a freelance writer she is a graduate student in Austrian economics, and is also a business professional from Michigan. Although she has not finished her first book , she has written many other articles on many other things for example in August of 2009 she wrote â€Å"I’m the Government and I’m Here To Lie To You† . Brad Edmonds is a banker in Alabama. These authors are making an effort to inform people†¦show more content†¦They are able to take out valuable facts and information from their own knowledge and from research they were able to accumulate. â€Å"families who shop carefully at Wal-mart can actually budget more for inve sting on children funds or entertainment. And unlike other giant corporations , Wal-mart stores around the country make an attempt to provide a friendly atmosphere by spending money to hire greeters, who are often people who would have difficulty finding any other job.This is a partial solution to shoplifting problems; the solution Kmart applied (â€Å"Hey, whats in the bag?†) didnt work as well†(Brad Edmonds and Karen de Coster) This displays logos by staggering us with a factual paragraph stating that if someone really wanted to save money by shopping at Wal-mart they would have to do it carefully and then they would be able to invest on a childs fund for college or be able to save that money by investing it on something else. And Unlike other mom and pop shops Wal-Mart draws you back each time because they hire people that have a more difficult to time finding an ordinary job either because of their criminal records or because of a disability, unlike other store s they have greeters that make Walmart a more hostile environment to shop at. This strengthens her claim because it shows fact about how Wal-mart has a plan to be outgoing and be able to make it. Although they use appeals toShow MoreRelatedWalmart case902 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Summary Walmart is the world’s largest retailer with more than 8,400 stores globally and is now considering going green. Walmart moves massive amounts of products and uses a lot of other resources to operate its business and now they are trying to transform itself into a company that is seen as environmental friendly. The first step of Walmarts three-phase plan was receiving information from its 100,000 suppliers about their greenhouse gas emissions, water waste reduction efforts and otherRead MoreWalmart Case Analysis : Walmart922 Words   |  4 Pages WALMART CASE STUDY Walmart revolutionised the department store structure by drawing consumers away from the classical approach into an urban utopia. Walmart has a high distribution footprint, on average, since 1962 Walmart has acquired 125 stores each year, making them a monumental player in the department store industry. Walmart started as a monopoly occupying the entire market as the original mass commercial outlet. 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After eight years of attempting to dominate and control the retail market much like it has accomplished in the United States, WalMart pulled the plug on its German operations and left that market with its business tail stuck between its legs. Headlined in the Times was the fact that WalMart, the worldsRead MoreWalmart Case Study1410 Words   |  6 PagesRagan Fretwell - Case 23: Walmart: But We Do Give Them a 10% Employee Discount Summary/Facts Walmart, one of the largest retailers in the world, was founded by Sam Walton in 1962. The first Walmart opened in Rogers, AR. It has since grown to over 10,300 stores all over the world. Employing over 2 million, it is hard to imagine the largest private employer in the world would ever be accused of being an unfair employee practices. Walmart has seen its share of litigation over the years. LitigationRead MoreWalmart Negotiation Case977 Words   |  4 PagesWALMART NEGOTIATION CASE: Walmart the worlds largest retailer, sold $315 billion worth of goods in 2006. With its single-minded focus on EDLP (everyday low prices) and the power to make or break suppliers, a partnership with Wal-Mart is either the Holy Grail or the kiss of death, depending on ones perspective. There are numerous media accounts of the corporate monolith riding its suppliers into the ground. But what about those who manage to survive, and thrive, while dealing with the classicRead MoreWalmart Case Essay722 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Introduction to International Business: Case 4.2 Wal-Mart’s retreat from Germany: How distance made the replication of a domestically successful model impossible October 8th, 2013 1. What are some of Wal-Mart’s FSAs? To what extent are these FSAs location-bound or internationally transferable? Some FSA’s of Wal-Mart are EDLP (it’s ‘every day low price’ philosophy) and it so-called ‘exceptional service’ (it customer-service)1. EDLP is in general internationally transferableRead MoreWalmart Case Study2798 Words   |  12 PagesWALMART Andrew Louis Webster University MNGT 5650 Kenneth Chapman Wal-Mart study Case#1 1. What threats and challenges is Wal-Mart currently facing? From the beginning, Walmart did not have many threats. However, not only the competition is different, several global retailers such as Target, Carrefour, Costco, and Amazon, are working hard to keep efficiency. They are trying to work together to shrink the prices difference between them. Walmart has facing difficulties from everyRead MoreWalmart Case Analysis1680 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Ryan McLaws Southern New Hampshire University ABSTRACT I will be examining 3 key issues in relation to the Walmart Corp. and how they have improves and areas that need improvement. These areas are as follows: †¢ Personnel †¢ Environmental †¢ Sound Business Practices In addition I will offer recommendations for improvement in these areas. Analysis of the issues: Personnel In orderRead MoreWalmart Case Study950 Words   |  4 PagesWalmart Case Study Case study Questions and Answers: 1- Examine the development of Wal-Mart over its 40 year history. It is now nearly half a century since Walmart exists. From humble beginnings in the 1960s in Arkansas to the world’s leading retailer, Walmart has come a long way to its success. Starting domestically in Arkansas, it was dedicated to its principals; genuine customer courtesy, a culture of respect for the individual and everyday low prices. In the 1960s, Sam Walton, the founder

Starbucks Solvency Case Free Essays

STARBUCK’S ASSIGNMENT Question 2 Short-term liquidity: Starbuck’s current ratio has increased from 1. 29 to 1. 83 between 2009 and 2011. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Solvency Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the same time its quick ratio has also increased to a healthy 1. 36 percent in 2011. It is clear that current liabilities are decreasing at a faster rate than current assets. Thus the company’s ability to meet its obligations in the short-term should not be a problem. Starbucks’ liquidity looks healthy going forward as it has a healthy receivables turnover at 33. 95 in 2011, whilst the average collection period is at 10. 75. Long-term Solvency: The debt to equity ratio dropped from 2010 levels where it was at 0. 74 to 0. 68 in 2011 which means that there has been a reduction in financial risk and an improvement in solvency. This may largely be explained by the increase in retained earnings. The interest coverage is between 4 and 5 times meaning that Starbucks is not at any high risk of default on its debt obligations. Thus the risk of insolvency is highly mitigated. Profitability: The return on equity (ROE) for Starbuck’s has improved greatly from 14. 12% in 2009 to 30. 91% in 2011. The return on assets (ROA) has followed a similar trend growing from 9. 99% in 2009 to 25. 15% in 2011. This suggests that for any potential investors Starbuck’s is a lucrative proposition at least to the extent that past performance is a reliable predictor of future performance. P-E Ratios: Given its size Starbuck’s is not likely to see any extraordinary growth and as such a P-E ratio of 23. 65 in 2011 is reasonable even though it shows a drop from 2009 levels. Of an interest is the fact that over the same period Starbucks EPS have actually grown by up to 200% from 0. 53 to 1. 66. It is clear that investors do not expect any rapid growth in the company’s net income but rather more stable growth. Question 3 With regard to short-term liquidity it is clear that Starbuck’s is doing better than the industry where the current ratio averages out at about 0. 7 and the quick ratio at about 0. 3. Insofar as solvency is concerned Starbuck’s also does better than the industry where debt-equity ratios have reached peaks of 128. 075, whilst industry interest coverage averages out at about 1 or 2 times. Thus Starbuck’s is more solvent than a lot of its peers in the industry. Starbuck’s is also more profitable than the industry where both ROE and ROA average below 20%. Starbucks’ P-E ratio of 23. 65 in 2011 shows that the market expects Starbucks to grow its net income faster than the industry average growth rate which is given by an industry P-E ratio that averages out at about 16. Question 4 Up until 2008 Starbucks registered stable growth, growing its ROE from 14. 10% in 2003 to 29. 81% in 2007. During this same period the return on sales number remained steady around 7%. However it’s ROE plummeted in 2008 to 13. 21%, only recovering in 2010 and peaking at 30. 1% in 2011. At the same time its return on sales dropped to a record 3% in 2008. The drop in 2008-2009 is partly explained by the economic downturn of 2008. Starbucks situation was certainly not helped by the fact that it had a liquidity problem that had persisted since 2005 with quick and current ratios below 1. 0. Starbucks has since seen its short-term liquidity improve wi th its quick and current ratios recovering in 2010 and 2011 to levels above 1. 0. Improved liquidity has also come with improved profitability with the return on sales number peaking at 10. 65% in 2011. How to cite Starbucks Solvency Case, Essay examples

New Technologies Have Introduced In IT Sector - Free Samples

Question: How To The New Technologies Have Introduced In IT Sector? Answer: Introduction Nowadays, various new technologies have introduced in IT sector that are useful to perform different activities that are related to both business purpose and for personal usage. These terminologies have enhanced the proficiency of work and people are getting better business results. The purpose of making this report is to emphasize on some essential terminologies that have become so popular worldwide such as Just-In-Time, E-Commerce, SaaS, Strategic Planning, Extranet etc. Discussion To use IT terminologies in an effective manner, their fundamental knowledge is required. I will discuss basics about these IT terms in upcoming paragraphs. Just-In-Time Delivery This terminology is commonly known as JIT. It is highly recommended to manage stock related activities. All those companies that perform manufacturing tasks repetitively, they prefer to use JIT terminology. Moreover, it is useful for decreasing holistic cost of inventory (Investinganswers.com, 2017). E-Commerce It is the most effective and highly used terminology among people worldwide. It is used by majority of people for online shopping and as well as business enterprises are also moving towards electronic commerce for attracting most of customers (The Balance, 2017). SaaS SaaS is a cloud computing model that provides efficient cloud services to its users. It works as a third party agent in case of host applications and make them available online to different users. SaaS model of cloud platform is easier to understand and maintenance of this model is flexible as compare to other cloud models (SearchCloudComputing, 2017). Strategic Planning In every business enterprise strategic planning is considered to be important for implementing various business activities effectively. This whole process of strategic planning consists of direction, strategy and effective decision making for allocation of different resources. Supply Chain Systems This system relates to transfer of a product and service from suppliers side to customers side. Besides this, it is hardwork of supplier to develop a feasible and appropriate supply chain. Decision Support System is an effective decision making system which is helpful for business enterprises to make critical decisions without any delay (Aliev, 2017). Cloud Infrastructure Cloud based infrastructure is effective and secured enough to manage cloud related services. This infrastructure consists of some important components such as servers, storage and network software and with the help of these components requirements of cloud computing model can be achieved. Web 2.0 is the recent stage of online technology. Due to its more features, it is considered to be better than previous versions of web technologies. The new extensive features of Web 2.0 are availability of smooth and clear communication modes and connectivity of strong and reliable network solutions (WhatIs.com, 2017). This private network is used for sharing important business information or operations with customers and suppliers in a secured way. Now, organizations can send their data online without any worry about privacy and security of their information (SearchEnterpriseWAN, 2017). To evaluate large data sets that are commonly known as big data, this evaluation process is implemented. Under this process, hidden patterns, market trends and unfamiliar correlations are revealed. The management of Big Data is considered complex for some enterprises, so with proper analysis solution can be found. Essential Elements of Data Mining After analysis we got to know about essential elements of data mining that are useful for statistical analysis. The most common elements of data mining are an appropriate question, background, computers, data records and domain knowledge. Each elements has its own importance in whole process of data mining. Here question is related to need of customer, background is past facts about data mining and this process can be used for future predictions. Furthermore, computers can be used to find best forecasters with proper combinations. On other side, data records are maintained in a flat file that are used in future for decision making and to perform different operations. To provide a better guidance for modelling a process, algorithms of data mining work as a knowledge domain (Ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk, 2017). Critical Understanding of Reserve Stock Level in ERP This function of ERP is related to supply of inputs that are kept reserve in some cases to manage the situations in future when demand and supply fluctuates. Reserve Stock Level works as a buffer where large amount of inventory is stored to manage uncertain future. The critical factor about this function of ERP that makes it difficult to understand are its complexity, difficult maintenance and dynamic effects on operations (MBA Skool-Study, 2017). Business risk faced by Liberty Wines In case study of Business Continuity, the main risk factor for Liberty Wines Company was enlargement in overall size of company. Besides this, to provide IT related facilities more data is required and gradually slow performance of IT systems that requires quick maintenance. This risk factor is affecting productivity of employees and delay is found in their work due to lack of efficiency in IT systems. Furthermore, inventory management functions and order processing are also influenced by due to IT risk factors (Enisa.europa.eu, 2017). Influence of IT infrastructure on Competitive Advantage If I talk about impact of IT on competitive advantage of Liberty Wines Company then there is no doubt to say that it puts positive influence. With usage of IT infrastructure, the cost has reduced in case of power consumption, hardware replacements and improvement is also found in flexibility and sustainability of backup system. New mobile apps have also contributed to increased overall speed of business processes. Moreover, with the help of all these facilities of IT infrastructure, the customer relationships of company has very much improved (Ecommerce, 2017). Profits of Server Virtualization for Liberty Wines Company and its Environment By using server virtualization into company, the number of servers has decreased. This results in 60% less consumption of power and air conditioning. The stock management and customer relationships have also improved in company with the proper usage of server virtualization. Problems of Data and IT that limit ability of FinCENs The main data problem that is found in FinCENs Company is unpredictable quality and standardization of data. Moreover, validation regarding deficiency of data is also found. In case of IT, the crucial problem is regarding usage offline systems to report data. This leads to lack of quick detection of emerging threats in IT field (I, Eisenhauer, 2017). Capabilities and Upgrades of IT required by FinCEN The IT upgrades and capabilities are beneficial for FinCENs Company for appropriate collection and analysis of data from variety of important resources. This data is further used by law enforcement, federal states and regulatory authorities and it is delivered to them by company itself. With the help of upgrading of IT, it has become easier for FinCEN to receive, process and retrieve data in digital form. These all new modifications in IT has enhanced the customers convenience. Main Factor of Dependency of Financial Intelligence The key factor of dependency of financial intelligence is appropriate form of data analytics to evaluate different types of relationships and patterns. With the help of these patterns, potential illegal activities can be revealed (Prezi.com, 2017). Importance of Patterns and Relationships to National Security The assessment of patterns and relationships that are related to national security is necessary because it increases the ability, pace of identification of money launderers and financers of terrorist activities. Besides this, all causes of criminal activities are also found with the help of national security patterns and relationships. Latest Identified Financial Crimes of FinCEN According to business case study Financial Intelligence Fights Frauds it is found that recent recognized financial crimes of FinCEN are concerned with money laundering. This problem was also faced by another company Liberty Reserve and it was detected by FinCEN Company. Conclusion In conclusion, I would recommend business enterprises to deal with IT terminologies effectively because they can get better results. In this report, basic knowledge about latest terms have mentioned which is required to start work with these terms. In modern era, it has become essential for business enterprises to sustain itself in competitive market but it will be difficult to perform unless they do not adapt emerging technologies. FinCEN and Liberty Wines companies are examples that shows positive influence of IT technologies. References SearchCloudComputing. (2017). What is Software as a Service (SaaS)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Software-as-a-Service Investinganswers.com. (2017). Just in Time (JIT) Definition Example | Investing Answers. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/businesses-corporations/just-time-jit-89 SearchEnterpriseWAN. (2017). What is extranet? - Definition from WhatIs.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/extranet WhatIs.com. (2017). What is Web 2.0 ? - Definition from WhatIs.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Web-20-or-Web-2 Aliev, R. (2017). Hybris WMS/ERP Integration: Stock Levels and Reserves. hybrismart | SAP hybris under the hood. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://hybrismart.com/2016/10/02/2339/ MBA Skool-Study. (2017). Buffer Stock Definition | Operations Supply Chain Dictionary | MBA Skool-Study.Learn.Share. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/operations-logistics-supply-chain-terms/7353-buffer-stock.html Prezi.com. (2017). Financial Intelligence Fights Fraud. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://prezi.com/mwkngk-jnqvo/financial-intelligence-fights-fraud/ Enisa.europa.eu.(2017). Security certification practice in the EU - Information Security Management Systems - A case study ENISA. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/security-certification-practice-in-the-eu-information-security-management-systems-a-case-study I, Eisenhauer, T. (2017). Intranets VS Extranets - What's the difference?. Axero Solutions. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://axerosolutions.com/blogs/timeisenhauer/pulse/165/intranets-vs-extranets-what-s-the-difference The Balance. (2017). What Is Ecommerce? Are You Sure You Know? Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/let-s-ask-the-basic-question-what-is-ecommerce-1141599 Ecommerce. (2017). Entrepreneur. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.entrepreneur.com/topic/ecommerce Ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk.(2017). JIT Just-in-Time manufacturing. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/jit-just-in-time-manufacturing/

Nazi Research Experiments Essays - Medical Ethics, Research Ethics

Nazi Research Experiments ?In the interest of...saving lives, is it acceptable to make use of data collected through mutilation, torture, and death? (Campbell, 16)? That is the question which has been rearing its head in scientific research since the end of World War II. As man has sought to quench his thirst for knowledge, lines of ethicality have been drawn to preserve the integrity of science, and provide a framework from which man can improve upon the quality of human life. In Nazi concentration and death camps, the gruesome sibling of science matured. Nazi scientists, physicians, and scholars tore down the ethical framework of science in order to eliminate the genetically inferior, and ultimately, attempt to forge a ?pure' race of ?super-humans'. Members of the Nazi scientific community were to serve as ?alert biological soldiers? (Crum, 33). These ?soldiers' conducted research on non-consenting camp inmates in order to ?demonstrate a hereditary basis for group differences in behavioral and physical char acteristics? in humans (Caplan, 286). The most well known experiments in this regard were the experiments conducted on twins at Auschwitz. The other goal of the Nazi scientists was to provide human data that could be applied to the war effort. Experimentation of this sort mainly probed the extremes, which the human body could tolerate in a hostile environment. The most famous experiment of this sort was the ?Dachau Hypothermia Study.' The rationale of the experiments was as follows: ?A consequence of air combat and air campaigns was that pilots were shot down and landed in cold water. In addition, the German Navy was losing a large number of personnel in the cold North Sea. There were no data available to document how long the downed pilots could survive in the frigid North Sea. The solution to these questions, as well as others, was considered important by certain groups of Nazi administrators and scientists. From a historical point of view, at that time, the number of papers that had been published that dealt with human response to cold water and/or air was very limited...therefore, the German scientists were seeking answers to ?legitimate scientific goals? (Caplan, 98). The last line, ?...German scientists were seeking answers to ?legitimate scientific goals'?, is the statement which is the prime concern of this paper. In order to accomplish their ?goals,' Nazi scientists conducted human experiments, virtually all of which, ended in the subjects' murder. How can answers to ?legitimate scientific goals' be found in murder? Should these experiments even be considered ?science'? Furthermore, should these experiments be allowed to provide quotable data to the modern scientific community? The debate on whether or not science should allow referencing to Nazi data rages. Objectors to using Nazi data, state that by using the data from the Nazis' human experimentation, researchers are not only endorsing, but also encouraging future unethical research. In addition, objectors maintain that the Nazi research was poorly designed and conducted so haphazardly, that it really doesn't even qualify as ?scientific'. They state, ?scientific results depended upon protocols which were soaked in iniquity. In many experiments, it was ?control subjects', denied treatment, who suffered most and died. ?Sample size' meant truck loads of Jews. ?Significance' was an indication of misery, and ?response rate' a measure of torment? (Dixon, 31). Objectors to the use of Nazi research believe that nothing good will come from this research. They believe that using research gathered through murder endorses the methods used in the experiments. If this statement were to be contested, they would argue that to cite research is to say ?I believe in this work'. To believe in research, one must be inclined to repeat the original work and further investigate the topic. Objectors claim that this condition is never satisfied. They state, ?We do not, to be specific, replicate the Nazi experiments. ?We' do not do it. The Nazis did? (Campbell, 18). Objectors believe that a scientist above all else is a human, thus, he must recognize himself as a moral being. Since humans were murdered in these experiments, the data collected should be considered ?tainted'. No moral being should associate with tainted data. Objectors also believe that the methodology of these experiments cannot be considered ?science'. In regard to the infamous hypothermia experiments at Dachau,

Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Essays

Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Essays Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Paper Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Paper Introduction3 Results4 Discussion6 Conclusion7 Experimental7 References8 Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Introduction When hydrogens are present on the ? -carbon of ketones (like the reaction used in this experiment), carbonyl compounds and aldehydes, they turn the compound slightly acidic1. These functional groups are removed by using a basic solution as shown in (i) below1. The product formed with water is stable only due to resonance, but does not form a very stable equilibrium. Enamine reactions are used to avoid many problems usually associated with alkylating or acylating carbonyl compounds when they are reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide1 as shown in reactions (ii) and (iv)1. The main problem being that the reaction results in a great number of crucial secondary side reactions, such as those in equations (iii), (iv) and (vi), and this in turn results in the main product formed in (i) being only available in small amounts because of the previously mentioned unstable equilibrium, while nucleophile OH- in equation (iii) is much higher1. When the OH- reacts with alkyl halide (iii) or acyl halide (iv), the conjugate base will tend to react with the unreacted carbonyl compound by means of an aldol condensation reaction as shown in equation (vi)1. Results Preparation of the enamine PyrrolidineCyclohexanone Molecular formula: C4H9NMolecular formula: C6H10O Volume: 4. 0 ml+. Volume: 5. 0 ml Density: 0. 87 g cm-3Density: 0. 95 g cm-3 Boiling point: 87? CBoiling point: 156? C Masses were worked out using densities: Mass cyclohexanone = 0. 947g/ml x 5ml = 4. 739g Therefore moles = mass/molar mass = 4. 739g/98. 15g mol-1 = 0. 483 moles Mass pyrrolidine = 0. 866g/mol x 4. 0 ml = 3. 464g Therefore moles = mass/molar mass = 3. 464 / 71. 11g mol-1 Addition of the acetic anhydride EnamineAcetic Anhydride Molecular formula: C10H9N Molecular formula: C4H6O3 ¬ (2) Volume: 4. 5 ml Density: 1. 08 g cm-3 (2) Molecular Weight: 102. 1 g/mol Boiling point: 139. 8? C(2) Moles : 0. 04760 moles Acetic anhydride is the limiting reagent The s toichiometric ratio of acetic anhydride to 2 acetylcyclohexanone is 1:1 Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene2-Acetylcyclohexanone Molecular Weight: 151. 25 g mol-1 Molecular Weight: 140. 18 g mol ¬-1 Mass: 0. 14g Moles: 0. 04760 moles The stoichiometric ratio of acetic anhydride to 2 acetylcyclohexanone is 1:1, therefore there is 0. 04760 moles of 2-acetylcyclohexanone. Theoretical mass of 2-acetylcyclohexanone = 0. 04760mol x 140. 18g/mol = 6. 673g Percentage yield = Actual yield/ Theoretical yield x 100 = 0. 14g/6. 673g x 100 = 2. 10% Discussion As previously mentioned, aldehydes and ketones will tend to react with primary amines in order to form an imine, as can be seen in step 2 below. Enamines are very easily alkylated due to them being very nucleophillic1. The first step entails the reaction of pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a toluene solution of the enamine as shown below. Step 1: Reaction of pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a toluene solution of the enamine The second step involves the reaction of the toluene solution of the enamine with acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene, which is the intermediate of the reaction. This intermediate is not seen as it cannot be isolated due to it being very unstable. Step 2: Reaction of the enamine with the acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidinocyclohexene (the intermediate) The third and final step is the reaction of the intermediate(1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene) with water in order to form final product 2-acetylcyclohexanone. Step 3: 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene (the intermediate) reacts with water in order to form 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The product was isolated by means of using a separator funnel. The solution was cooled till it was room temperature and transferred to a seperatory funnel. 10 ml water was also added to the funnel and the contents were mixed thoroughly by inverting the funnel several times and releasing the gas build-up pressure by releasing the valve on the stopcock. The aqueous layer was the bottom layer due to it being higher in density than the organic layer and was disposed of in a beaker. Similarly, the organic layer was rinsed with three portions of hydrochloric acid (3M) and finally rinsed again with water (10 ml). The organic layer was transferred to a clean 250 ml beaker and dried over MgSO4 – MgSO4 was added until it stopped clumping together at the bottom of the beaker in solution. The MgSO4 drying agent was then filtered off by vacuum suction. The melting point range obtained in the experiment was 110-119? C, which is not the same as the theoretical boiling point of 138? C. This could be due to impurities present in the sample, like water, which would lower the boiling point. The % yield was particularly low and could be attributed to insufficient reflux of the enamine solution that was supposed to have een refluxed for a minimum of half an hour, but due to time constraints, was only refluxed for 20 minutes. Another way to make 2-acetylcyclohexanone is by using a suspension of tellurium chloride and chloroform4 Conclusion There are three steps in the mechanism to forming 2-acetylcyclohexanone. These are reacting pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a tol uene solution of the enamine, reaction of the enamine with the acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidinocyclohexene, and reacting 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene (the intermediate) with water in order to form 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The melting point range obtained experimentally was 110-119? C and is very different from the theoretical melting point range due to errors that have occurred during the procedure of the practical and are explained in the discussion above. The particularly low % yield of 2. 10% is due to insufficient reflux time. Experimental Preparation of the toluene solution of the enamine A 100ml round bottomed flask was pre-weighed, after which cyclohexanone (5. 0ml), pyrrolidine (4. 0ml), toluene-4-sulfonic acid (0. 1g) and 40 ml toluene were added to it. boiling chips were also added to the reagent mixture so as to prevent loss of product due to splashing and boiling of the product. The Dean and Stark apparatus was set up individually by each student. The 100 ml round bottomed flask with reagent mixture was then fit to the Dean and Stark apparatus with a reflux condenser fit to the top of the apparatus. The reflux condenser was fit with a calcium chloride drying tube in order to prevent atmosp heric moisture from reacting with the contents of the round bottomed flask, and also to serve as a means to relieve pressure formed during the reaction. A heating mantle was used to heat the round bottomed flask till a vigorous reflux of the toluene, with vapour rising up the condenser was observable. It was observed that the water that formed as a result of the reaction of the toluene reflux collected in the trap portion of the Dean and Stark trap apparatus. Once the solution was boiling, reflux was continued for an hour. During this waiting period, a solution of acetic anhydride (4. 5 ml) in toluene (10 ml) was prepared. Once reflux was complete after one hour, the solution was cooled till it could be handled comfortably and the Dean and Stark apparatus was removed. While waiting for the flask to cool, the distillation setup was prepared by re-positioning the condenser with both a receiver and receiver flask. The now cooled round bottomed flask was fit with a thermometer attached by means of a still head and fit to the distillation setup. The flask was once again heating using a heating mantle to distil pyrrolidine and water that was still present. Distillation was continued until the temperature reached 108-110? C. Thereafter, the round bottomed flask was allowed to cool down to room temperature after removing it from the distillation setup and removing the still head with thermometer. Preparation of the 2-Acetylcyclohexanone The acetic anhydride solution that had been previously prepared was then added to the round bottom flask containing the enamine solution while stirring and was further stirred for 15 minutes. Water (5 ml) and 3 boiling chips was then added to the flask and fit with a reflux condenser. This new reagent mixture containing intermediate product enamine was heated under reflux for a full 30 minutes once the solution came to a boil. This was the stopping point for day 1 of the experiment. The round bottomed flask was labelled and stoppered for continuation of the experiment on the following week. On day 2 of the experiment, the content of the round bottomed flask was transferred to a separating funnel. Water (10 ml) was used to rinse the round bottomed flask and this rinsing was added to the separating funnel. The content of the funnel was mixed well and the gas was released by opening the stopcock. The aqueous layer was the lower layer and was separated from the organic layer, which remained in the funnel. Similarly, the organic layer was rinsed with three portions of hydrochloric acid (3M) and finally rinsed again with water (10 ml). The organic layer was transferred to a clean 250 ml beaker and dried over MgSO4 – MgSO4 was added until it stopped clumping together at the bottom of the beaker in solution. The MgSO4 drying agent was then filtered off by vacuum suction. The vacuum distillation setup was then prepared and the filtered solution was transferred to this setup in order to distil off the toluene at its boiling point of 110? C at 760 mmHg pressure. The remaining residue was put in a very small round bottomed flask. This flask was attached to a short path condenser with 3 anti-bumping granules added to the flask. 3 very small receiver flasks were preweighed before the product was flame distilled. Flame distillation took place under reduced pressure by means of using the bench vacuum. different fractions of product during the distillation were collected in 3 different receiver flasks. The temperature range that each of the fractions were collected at were recorded. The added masses of the product collected in all three flasks were used. References 1. courses. chem. psu. edu/chem36/Chem36H/IndivExpt1/435%20Acetylcyclohexanone. pdf – Accessed 11/08/08 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Acetic_anhydride – Accessed 11/08/08 3. P. Y Bruice, Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Inc. , 2004, USA pgs 747-753 4. freepatentsonline. com/4355097. html

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Symptoms and Treatment of Parkinsons Disease

Symptoms and Treatment of Parkinsons Disease Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurologic disorder affecting the brain centers that are responsible for control and regulation of movement. It is characterized by bradykinesia (slowness of movement), tremor, and muscle stiffness or rigidity (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). The major lesion appears to result in a loss of pigmented neurons, particularly those in the substantia nigra of the brain. The substantia nigra is a collection of midbrain nuclei that project fibers to the corpus striatum. One of the major neurotransmitters in this area of the brain, and in other parts of the central nervous system, is dopamine, which has an important inhibiting function in the central control of movement (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Although dopamine normally exists in high concentration in certain parts of the brain, in Parkinson’s disease it is depleted in the substania nigra and the corpus striatum. Depletion of dopamine levels in the basal ganglia is associated with bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Regional cerebral blood flow is reduced in patients with Parkinson’s disease, and there is a high prevalence of dementia. Biochemical and pathologic data suggest that demented patients with Parkinson’s disease may have coexistent Alzheimer’s disease (Connelly Fox, 2012). In the majority of patients, the cause of the disease is unknown. Arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism is seen more frequently in older age groups. It may follow encephalitis, poisoning, or toxicity (manganese, carbon monoxide), or hypoxia, or may be drug induced. The disease most frequently attacks persons in their fifties and sixties and is the second most common neurologic disorder of the elderly (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease are impaired movement, muscle rigidity, tremor, muscle weakness, and loss of postural reflexes. Early signs include a stiffening of the extremities and a wax-like rigidity in the performance of all movements. The patient has difficulty in initiating, maintaining, and performing motor activities, and experiences some delay in carrying out normal activity (Kofman). As the disease progresses, the tremor begins, frequently in one hand and arm, then the other, and later in the head, although the tremor may remain unilateral. The tremor is characteristic: it is a slow, turning motion (pronation-supination) of the forearm and the hand, and motion of the thumb against the fingers as if rolling a pill between the fingers. It increases when the patient is concentrating or feels anxious (Connelly Fox, 2012). Other characteristics of the disease affect the face, stature, and gait. There is loss of normal arm swing. Eventually, the rigid extremities become weaker. Since there is limited movement in the muscles, the face has so little expression that it is said to be masklike (with infrequency of blinking), a feature that can be recognized at a glance (Connelly Fox, 2012). There is a loss of postural reflexes, and the patient stands with head bent forward and walks as if in danger of falling forward. Difficulty in pivoting and loss of balance may lead to frequent falls (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Frequently, these patients show signs of depression, and it has not been established whether the depression is a reaction to the disorder or related to a biochemical abnormality. Mental manifestations may appear in the form of cognitive, perceptual, and memory deficits. A number of psychiatric manifestations (personality changes, psychosis, dementia, confusion) are particularly common among the elderly (Kofman). Complications from immobility (pneumonia, urinary tract infection) and the consequences of falls and accidents are major causes of death (Kofman). Early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease can be difficult, as the patient can rarely pinpoint when symptoms started. Often someone close to the patient notices a change such as stooped posture, stiff arm, a slight limp, or tremor. Handwriting changes may be an early diagnostic clue. The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease can usually be made with certainty when there is evidence of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The results of the patient’s history and neurological examination are carefully evaluated. Without treatment Parkinson’s disease progresses over ten to fifteen years to a rigid, akinetic state in which patients are incapable of caring for themselves (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The availability of effective pharmacological treatment has altered the prognosis of Parkinson’s disease; in most cases, functional mobility can be maintained for many years. Life expectancy of adequately treated patients is increased substantially (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The presence of dysphagia is associated with shorter survival times. Motor impairment of the muscles in the throat impairs swallowing and poses a risk for aspiration pneumonia. Other complications of Parkinson’s disease include sleep disorders, sexual dysfunction, bowel and bladder complications, and sensory problems, such as the loss of smell (Kofman). There is no cure for Parkinson’s disease. Treatment mainly relies on replacing dopamine with focus on controlling symptoms and improving quality of life (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Because Parkinson’s disease symptoms are due to a deficiency of the brain chemical dopamine, the brain drug treatment help increase dopamine levels in the brain. Levodopa, usually in combination with carbidopa, is the standard drug treatment (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). For patients who do not respond to levodopa, dopamine agonists may be prescribed. Physical therapy is an important part of Parkinson’s disease treatment. Rehabilitation can help improve balance, mobility, speech and functional abilities. No treatment method has been proven to change the course of the disease. For early disease, with little or no impairment, drug therapy may not be necessary (Kofman). There is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, but medications, physical therapy, and surgical interventions can help control symptoms and improve the quality of life (Connelly Fox, 2012). The goals of treatment are to relieve disabilities and balance the problems of the disease with the side effects of the medications. A number of issues must be considered in choosing a medication for treatment. These include the effectiveness of the medication, the side effects of the medication, and the loss of effectiveness over time (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Levodopa (L-dopa) has been used for years and is the gold standard for treatment. L-dopa increases brain levels of dopamine. It is probably the most effective drug for controlling symptoms and is used in all phases of the disease. The standard preparations, Sinemet and Atamet, combine levodopa with carbidopa, a drug that slows the breakdown of levodopa. Levodopa is better at improving motor problems than dopamine agonists but increases the risk of involuntary movements. Effectiveness tends to decrease after four to five years of use (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Dopamine agonists’ drugs mimic dopamine to stimulate the dopamine system in the brain. The drugs included are pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Requip), bromocriptine (Parlodel), and rotigotine (Neupro) (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors may have some mild benefits in initial therapy; they include selegiline (Eldepryl) and rasagiline (Azilect), and they slow the breakdown of dopamine that occurs naturally in the brain and dopamine produced by levodopa (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Entacapone (comtan) is a catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor that helps to prolong the effects of levodopa by blocking an enzyme that breaks down dopamine (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Medications to treat other symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease include antidepressants. Tricyclic’s, particularly Amitriptyline (Elavil), studies indicate that the use of SSRIs may worsen symptoms. Anti-psychotics include clozapine and quetiapine help with psychotic symptoms seen with Parkinson’s disease (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The cholinesterase inhibitor drugs donepezil (Aricept) and rivastigmine (Exelon) are used to treat Alzheimer’s disease and are sometimes used for Parkinson’s disease. The benefits are small and may not be noticed. Daytime sleepiness and fatigue may be treated with modafinil (Provigil) a drug used to treat narcolepsy or methylphenidate (Ritalin) may be considered for fatigue. Glycopyrrolate, scopolamine, and injections of botulinum toxin may be used to relieve drooling symptoms (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Advanced Parkinson’s disease poses challenges for the patient and caregivers. Eventually, symptoms such as stooped posture, freezing, and speech difficulties may no longer respond to drug therapy. Surgery (deep brain stimulation) may be considered. Patients become increasingly dependent on others for care and require assistance with daily tasks. The goal of treatment for advanced Parkinson’s disease should be on providing safety, comfort, and quality of life (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The toxic effects of Levodopa with carbidopa are considerable. Dyskinesia, the ability to control muscles, can take many forms, most often uncontrolled flailing of the arms and legs or chorea, rapid and repetitive motions that can affect the limbs, face, tongue, mouth, and neck (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Hypotension is a common problem during the first few weeks of therapy. Cardiac arrhythmias and gastrointestinal difficulties are common, with the potential of gastric bleeding. Levodopa can cause disturbances in breathing function, but may benefit patients with upper airway obstructions. Hair loss and mental and psychiatric side effects including confusion, extreme emotional states, especially anxiety, vivid dreams, visual and auditory hallucinations, sleepiness, and effects on learning are other side effects of levodopa (Connelly Fox, 2012). Levodopa causes fewer psychiatric side effects than other drugs including anticholinergics, selegiline, amantadine, and dopamine ago nists. Psychiatric side effects often occur at night, therefore, some doctors recommend reducing the evening dose (Connelly Fox, 2012). Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors block monoamine oxidase B, an enzyme that degrades dopamine. Selegiline was commonly used in early onset disease in combination with L-dopa for maintenance (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Concerns of the significant side effects have been raised. Azilect, a newer MAO-B Inhibitor, is used alone during early stage Parkinson’s disease and in combination with L-dopa for moderate to advanced Parkinson’s disease. Side effects of MAO-B inhibitors include orthostatic hypotension, hypertension if combined with drugs that increase serotonin levels, such as many antidepressants (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). A dangerous increase in blood pressure may occur if patients eat foods rich in the amino acid tyramine, while taking selegiline or rasagiline, and for two weeks after stopping the medications. Patients should avoid foods such as aged cheeses, processed lunch meats, pickled herring, yeast extracts, aged red wine, draft beers, sa uerkraut, and soy sauce (Connelly Fox, 2012). Dopamine agonists stimulate dopamine receptors in the substantia nigra. Dopamine agonists are effective in delaying motor complications during the first years of treatment (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Newer dopamine agonists, Mirapex (pramipexole) and Requip (ropinirol) are the most commonly prescribed. Mirapex appears to work better and have fewer side effects than requip. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, constipation, headache, nasal congestion, nightmares, hallucinations, and psychosis. Bromocriptine is the only ergot dopamine agonist approved for treatment in the US (Connelly Fox, 2012). Apomorphine is a dopamine agonist used as a rescue drug in people having on-off effects severe enough to require going off L-dopa for a few days. Because it causes severe nausea and vomiting, it must be taken with an anti-emetic. Rotigotine (Neupro) is a once daily transdermal patch to treat early and advanced stage Parkinson’s disease (Connelly Fox, 2012). Catechol-O- Methyl Transferase Inhibitors (COMT Inhibitors) increase concentrations of existing dopamine in the brain. Entacapone (Comtan, Stalevo) is the current standard COMT inhibitor. It improves motor fluctuations related to weaning off effects. The side effects include involuntary muscle movement, confusion, hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, headache, urinary retention, cramps, diarrhea, less common constipation, susceptibility to respiratory infection, sweating and dry mouth (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). A major concern is reports of death from liver damage in patients taking tolcapone (Tasmar) and is recommended only for patients unable to tolerate other drugs. Entacapone does not appear to have the same effects on the liver and does not require the same monitoring (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Anticholinergic drugs were the first used in the treatment for Parkinson’s disease. They are used only for control of tremors in early stages (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Side effects are dry mouth, nausea, urinary retention, blurred vision, and constipation. They can increase heart rate and constipation. They may cause mental problems including memory loss, confusion, and hallucinations (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Amantadine stimulates the release of dopamine and may be used with early mild symptoms. Side effects include swollen ankles, and mottled skin, visual hallucinations. Overdose can cause serious and life-threatening toxicity (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). References Brunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Connelly, B., Fox, S. (2012, December). Drug treatments for the neuropsychiatric complications of Parkinsons disease. Retrieved from Medscape.com: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticles/777166 Katzung, B., Mastes, S., Trevor, A. (2012). Basic clinical pharmacology (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Kofman, O. (n.d.). Complications of therapy in Parkinsons disease. CKP-MFC, 12, 87-91. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2153537

The Value and Necessity of Public Relations Essay -- Human Resources

Public Relations are the actions of a corporation, store, government, individual, etc., in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers, etc. Things we learned from Public Relations are provides a better understanding of the company, promotes brand image, and it is helps the company keep a good reputation. Public relations provides a better understanding of the company because it provides insight on what the company is up to and how things are running. Customers can always find out if the company is planning to launch a new product or thinking of innovations on already made products. Additionally, customers can find out about events revolving around a certain product. Therefore, the customer can attend the events that are supporting a charity or a product. Likewise, Public Relations promotes brand image by holding events and plastering the brand all over. There are certain events that are supported by one type of candy. Hershey partners with a ctivities and events that in return promote the product throughout the event. Lastly, Public Relations helps the company keep a good reputation. Hershey provides opportunities where customers can come and experience the product before purchasing it. For example, Public Relation has held events in different states to promote different brands. A big campaign that happened last summer was surrounded by S’mores. It was called Say S’mores and it was intended to encourage families to create S’more’ summertime memories. The campaigns consisted of contestants taking pictures of their favorite S’mores moments and posting them to Facebook. There would be three monthly winners and each would receive awards varying from roasting skewers set, picnic blanket and... ...re aware not only in the U.S. but in major countries. The confections industry can be taken to a whole new level because of spreading to different countries companies are than reaching other cultures. There is a whole new world outside of what we are used to. A product that nobody has thought of now could possibly become a top selling product in the future because of the influence given from another part of the world. Works Cited: http://www.pwrnewmedia.com/2011/hershey/smores/index.html http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/reeses-sweetens-ncaa-march-madness-with-perfect-pick-promotion-and-annual-college-all-star-game-142095723.html http://www.alexgpr.com/2011/08/hersheys-pr/ (http://www.thehersheycompany.com/social-responsibility/csr-report.aspx (http://www.hersheystrackandfield.com/about.aspx) (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-public-relations.htm)

Honesty: Lie and Friendship Relationship

In a friendship relationship honesty is the most important trait one should have. Although many traits such as respectfulness, trustworthiness and caring are also important to have one believes that honesty is the number one trait. Honesty means telling the truth, having good intentions and being sincere. To establish a friendship relationship one should be able to believe in each other. An example of this is believing in each other is when a friend borrows money and they say they will return it the next day. They are giving their word. If they just keep the money and never return it to back then they are considered to be a dishonest person and the friendship can fall apart. Instead they should be honest and tell the truth of why they couldn’t return the money and maybe the friendship could be restored. Having good intentions speaks about having good character. When one has good intentions then one can be believed in. For instance if a friend tells another friend that a particular person has a crush on them, this action may cause resentfulness because they may have a crush on another person. Even though the intentions were good intentions the actions could become disastrous because the relationship will be broken. Another form of honesty is if one goes into class and a cell phone is left behind on a chair; what would one do: A: keep it or B: tell the teacher? On one occasion this was, while entering the classroom one found a cell phone and one gave it to the teacher. By making the right choice one’s peers were able to identify one’s honesty. Setting a good example is the best thing to do. Not everyone is as honest, on one occasion one’s phone was stolen from one’s backpack, one was very unhappy. Due to not having enough money to purchase another cell phone one has had to adjust to life without a cell phone. There are many dishonest people everywhere. One’s belief is that if the item doesn’t belong to one then one must return the item. Being sincere with each other is building a positive relationship. No matter how difficult it is to tell the truth one is better off being sincere than to lie about it. The friendship may be hindered if the truth is not said as it occurs and the friendship may be lost. When one lies about things then one continues to lie very easily to others in fact one can actually think that one is telling the truth. One guesses one can become a compulsive liar. By always practicing telling the truth one will not have those types of problems. In conclusion, the reader may not agree to above essay, yet one believes that honesty is what keeps a friendship relationship in good standards. Being sincere is to tell each other the truth no matter how difficult it may be. By being careful with one’s intentions can prevent hindering the friendship by ensuring one’s actions are the right ones.

The Heart and the Circulatory essays

The Heart and the Circulatory essays The Heart and the Circulatory System Imagine that you are living in the year 1535, and that you don't feel well. You have had some problems with fatigue, feeling a little more tired than usual when you walked to the market and back. You tell this to your physician, and he sends you to another physician down the street, telling you there may be some problem with your circulation. When you get to the new physician, he tells you to take off your shirt and lie down on the bench. After a quick look in your mouth, he says your vital blood is probably O.K. But he's concerned that maybe your nutritive blood is not being made fast enough. Then he starts to feel around on your abdomen. He mentions that your liver is slightly enlarged and suggests that maybe you have not been eating enough green leafy vegetables or protein. Wait a minute! You have come in with problems with your circulation, and this guy is talking about your liver and the type of foods you have been eating! What is going on here? Where did this fellow learn to p ractice medicine anyway? Confusion over the nature of the heart, the blood, and the role of the blood in the body had existed for centuries. Pliny the Elder, a Roman writer who lived from AD 23-79, and author of a 37-volume treatise entitled Natural History, wrote "The arteries have no sensation, for they even are without blood, nor do they all contain the breath of life; and when they are cut only the part of the body concerned is paralyzed...the veins spread underneath the whole skin, finally ending in very thin threads, and they narrow down into such an extremely minute size that the blood cannot pass through them nor can anything else but the moisture passing out from the blood in innumerable small drops which is called sweat." A century later Galen, a Greek physician who lived in the second century AD., spent his lifetime in observation of the human body and its functioning. Galen believed and taught his stud...

Black History Month Creation and Overview

Black History Month Creation and Overview Black History Month is a month set aside to learn, honor, and celebrate the achievements of black men and women throughout history. Since its inception, Black History Month has always been celebrated in February. Find out how Black History Month originated, why February was chosen, and what the annual theme for Black History Month is for this year. Origins of Black History Month The origins of Black History Month can be traced back to a man named Carter G. Woodson (1875–1950). Woodson, the son of former slaves, was an amazing man in his own right. Since his family was too poor to send him to school as a child, he taught himself the basics of a school education. At age 20, Woodson was finally able to attend high school, which he completed in just two years. Woodson then went on to earn a bachelors and masters degree from the University of Chicago. In 1912, Woodson became only the second African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University (W.E.B. Du Bois was the first). Woodson used his hard-earned education to teach. He taught both in public schools and at Howard University. Three years after earning his doctorate, Woodson made a trip that had a great impact on him. In 1915, he traveled to Chicago to participate in a three-week celebration of the 50th anniversary of the end of slavery. The excitement and enthusiasm generated by the events inspired Woodson to continue the study of black history year-round. Before leaving Chicago, Woodson and four others created the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH) on September 9, 1915. The following year, the ASNLH began publication of the Journal of Negro History. Woodson realized that most textbooks at the time ignored the history and achievements of blacks. Thus, in addition to the journal, he wanted to find a way to encourage interest and study of black history. In 1926, Woodson promoted the idea of a Negro History Week, which was to be held during the second week of February. The idea caught on quickly and Negro History Week was soon celebrated around the United States. With a high demand for study materials, the ASNLH began to produce pictures, posters, and lesson plans to help teachers bring Negro History Week into schools. In 1937, the ASNLH also began producing the Negro History Bulletin, which focused on an annual theme for Negro History Week. In 1976, the 50th anniversary of the beginning of Negro History Week and the bicentennial of the United States independence, Black History Week was expanded to Black History Month. Ever since then, Black History Month has been celebrated in February around the country. When Is Black History Month? Woodson chose the second week of February to celebrate Negro History Week because that week included the birthdays of two important men: President Abraham Lincoln (February 12) and Frederick Douglass (February 14). When Negro History Week turned into Black History Month in 1976, the celebrations during the second week of February expanded to the entire month of February. What Is the Theme for This Years Black History Month? Since its inception in 1926, Negro History Week and Black History Month have been given annual themes. The first annual theme was simply, The Negro in History, but since then the themes have grown more specific. Here is a list of the most current and future themes for Black History Month. 2014 - Civil Rights in America2015 - A Century of Black Life, History, and Culture2016 - Hallowed Grounds: Sites of African American Memory2017 - The Crisis in Black Education2018 - African Americans in Times of War2019 - Black Migrations

Rivington Hospital Laundry Department Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rivington Hospital Laundry Department - Essay Example The existing budget is more than enough to demoralize her. This budget may cause some serious changes in the apparent behaviour of the laundry supervisor as she is not happy and satisfied with the way she has been held responsible for every cost of the laundry department. Different kinds of behaviours can be displayed by the laundry supervisor, the details of some of them are provided below: Quality Compromise The biggest change in the behaviour of the laundry supervisor would be shown in terms of the quality that she provides. After this performance report, her aim and objective would be to cut the cost and meet the targets specified in the budgets, and in doing so, if the quality of laundry service is compromised, she would not focus on it too much. After all, the administrators are more concerned with meeting the budgets, in this way the overall quality of the department may likely be hampered by such move of the administrators. Restricting the Activity Level Since the major cause of adverse variances in the existing budget is the increase in the activity level due to which more laundry services were provided and as a result the level of costs also increased in every manner, including the excessive cost of hiring an additional worker, therefore, the laundry supervisor would try to restrict the activity level to the budget level and may not provide the laundry services to the additional activity level so that the budgeted activity level should not be crossed. In this way, the excessive cost can be reduced which occurred as a result on increasing the actual activity level. This move would surely decrease the overall activity level of the hospital but result in meeting the budgeted costs. Falsification and Misrepresentation The laundry supervisor may also use some negative tactics in order to provide a better picture to the administration by reporting the falsified and misrepresented figures of the activities of the laundry department so that budgets can be ful filled accordingly. This step would cause the likelihood of frauds in the hospital. On a concluding note, if the administration is quite keen in getting the budgets fulfilled by the laundry department, it would have to include the laundry supervisor in budget setting activity so that a unanimous budget can be established which would surely be challenging but at the same time achievable to the laundry supervisor. b) Criterion for Variance Investigation The investigation of variance is undoubtedly an important objective of the organization such that the organization is more interested to find out the root cause of such variances. The variances may be either favorable or adverse in nature. The organization should focus on investigating both types of variances because generally the favorable variances are considered as good and they are not investigated but they have serious negative implications behind them. Managers normally try variances to be more favorable because in this way their performance would be marked high and they would be appraised on a better note. But on the other side of the picture, the favorable variances are pulled out deliberately by those managers such as hiring the low-skilled workers or even unskilled workers and purchasing the poor quality raw material etc. In this way, the favorable variances leave negative impacts and harm the overall organizational goals. The overall criteria to examine the variances should be based on the nature and

Personality type description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personality type description - Essay Example make others feel good about themselves, and get disappointed when I feel I am not liked back as much or experience unkindness or indifference from them. My desire to be liked by others is a human need all people share, and does not to mean that my sense of security relies heavily on their approval because I am a very secure person. I believe people are basically good and expect that kindness comes naturally from them too. I am very adaptable and have the ability to adjust to whoever I am with in order to maintain harmony. I know I have a good sense of judging people and can be influential to them, but I do not control them to acquiesce to my way of thinking and relating. This is one thing that my personality does not share with the traditional ESFJ type. Another thing is being organized. ESFJ’s are known to be sticklers for organization and structure. I am not like that. I am a creative, down-to earth spirit who does not want to be stifled by the usual, known and traditional methods as I just want to spread my wings and fly. Being individuals, we have our own personalities which have components we may share with others or not. I believe there is a prevailing need to reach out to others and somehow connect with them in one way or another. In order to do this, we try to adjust some part of our personality to accommodate someone who may be very different from us in order to maintain harmonious interpersonal communication and relationships. For instance, if the personality of A is extroverted and B is introverted, A should be able to use that engaging personality to draw B out of her shell, while keeping it tamer so that B will not be overwhelmed. On the other hand, B will just have to reach out a little more just so she gets to connect with A as a compromise. My husband’s personality type is ENTJ. Unlike me, he is very organized and finds comfort in structure. He can be very focused on some things, like his career that he has the tendency to tune other